Love is a Madness most Discreet
If I were to simply describe the word “love” I would define it as a bond created between two beings, whether it is with a family member, a friend, or a significant other. But the definitions of love and the way one shows love for another are profoundly endless. When one cares deeply and passionately for another, they can perform actions like none has ever seen before. In Captain Corelli’s Mandolin, love is artistically described in these terms:
love is a temporary madness, it erupts like volcanoes and then subsides.
And when it subsides, you have to make a decision. You have to work
out whether your roots have so entwined together that it is inconceivable
that you should ever part. Because this is what love is. Love is not
breathlessness, it is not excitement, it is not the promulgation of
promises of eternal passion, it is not the desire to mate every second
minute of the day, it is not lying awake at night imagining that he is
kissing every cranny of your body…That is just being “in love”,
which any fool can do. Love itself is what is leftover when
being in love has burned away, and this is both an art and
a fortunate accident (de Bernières).
According to Bernières, there is a difference between being “in love” and then love itself. He first describes love as a “temporary madness” (de Bernières). If one were to think of love, you could describe the actions we take towards love “mad”. How much is one willing to do for the love of their life? How crazy can one get when their love is requited? What happens when a loved one dies? William Shakespeare himself describes love “a smoke raised with the fume of sighs; / Being purged, a fire sparkling in lovers’ eyes; / Being vexed, a sea nourished with loving tears. / What is it else? A madness most discreet, / A choking gall, and a preserving sweet” (Romeo and Juliet, 1.1.181-5). Love is a madness most discreet; a feeling that causes one to have foolish behaviour, a feeling that causes one to act abnormally, a feeling that leaves one extremely happy at one moment and then utterly depressed in another, and all because of the love for another. We see many examples of the acts of madness due to love in many of William Shakespeare’s plays. In this essay I will focus specifically on Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night and Hamlet, taking note of all the great heights the characters make for the sake of their loved ones. There are many definitions for love, but there are also many definitions for madness. Both words, when joined together, create an endless possibility of emotions and actions one can bare to hold for the sake of another. In both of Shakespeare’s plays we see the acts of madness in devotion to love in two different situations. The first is to be madly in love: being completely love sick and dazzled by a significant other. The second is acting mad for the sake or in behalf of a loved one. Although they are two different situations, some of them happen to conjoin together creating a larger aura of madness within the plays. There are two different types of love, yet many types of madness occur because of it.
Madness can be described as “senseless folly” (dictionary.com). When a person is in love with another, they tend to define their feelings of passionate affection for this other person. In reality it is simple infatuation, also known as a “crush”, giving you the feeling that you’re “in love”. Bernières described what being “in love” is like and it can be compared to an act of senseless folly. In Twelfth Night we see many circumstances of one falling for another and their senseless behaviour that comes with it. Duke Orsino describes his love towards Olivia bigger than his own imagination, “So full of shapes is fancy / That it alone is high fantastical” (1.1.14). Olivia asks Viola (dressed as Cesario), “How does [Orsino] love me?” Viola replies, “With adoration, fertile tears, / With groans that thunder love, with sighs of fire” (1.5.243-4). Infatuation brings to Orsino a wave of uncontrolled emotions towards Olivia.
Marilyn French says, “love is insanity. It is the taking over of a rational and lucid mind by delusion and self-destruction. You lose yourself, you have no power over yourself, you can’t even think straight” (“Love My Dear Valentine”). Orsino’s concentration is also altered as he says “For such as I am all true lovers are, / Unstaid and skittish in all motions else / Save in the constant image of the creature / That is beloved (2.4.17-20). The only thing that is real for him at the moment is anything that has to do with his “beloved creature”, the beautiful Olivia. We also see Olivia’s senseless acts come to play as she finds herself smitten after her first encounter with Cesario: I do I know not what, and fear to find / Mine eye too great a flatterer of my mind. / Fate, show force; ourselves we do not owe. / What is decreed must be – and be this so! (2.1.297-300). Olivia finds herself unable to think properly because she is so distracted and flustered by the attractive looks of Cesario. Maria tells Toby of Olivia’s behaviour having been different since she met Cesario: “since the youth of the count’s was today with my lady, she is much out of quiet” (2.3.122-4).
Madness can also be described as a state of frenzy or rage, or the feeling of intense excitement or enthusiasm (dictionary.com). In Twelfth Night, madness is made by the misconception and misunderstanding due to love. Malvolio’s situation is the perfect example. Malvolio infatuation for Olivia was so great, it clouded his ability to think properly, like French says. Maria creates a letter, pretending to be Olivia, telling Malvolio what will make her happy. Malvolio was so desperate to please Olivia and gain her love, jumps straight away to the conclusion that the letter really for him from her. The little acts of devotion Maria mentioned in the letter were so absurd, yet Malvolio was willingly ready to recklessly fulfill them all:
Daylight and champian discovers not more! This is open. I will be proud, I will read politic authors, I will baffle Sir Toby, I will wash off gross acquaintance, I will be point-device, the very man. She did commend my yellow stockings of late, she did praise my leg being cross-gartered; and in this she manifests herself to my love, and with a kind of injunction drives me to these habits of her liking. I thank my stars, I am happy. I will be strange, stout, in yellow stockings, and cross-gartered, even with the swiftness of putting on (2.5.152-163).
The letter did not even sign off as Olivia, but because Malvolio was excited to gain her favour, he jumped to the conclusion that it was her. Later on in the play, Malvolio’s madness alters from the state of being madly in love and doing crazy acts of devotion to the state of being in madness or chaos because of the misunderstanding of the situation. He thinks it was Olivia who wrote the note when it was really Maria, Toby, and Andrew who tried to trick him. Poor Malvolio enters into a state of madness and confusion because he feels no one else knows what he is talking about.
Similarily in Hamlet, Opehila is convinced by Hamlet’s love, “he hath importuned me with love/ In honourable fashion” (1.3.109-10) and “hath given countenance to his speech, / With almost all the holy vows of heaven” (1.3.112-3). She is then warned by her brother and father. Laertes and Polonius both recognize what infatuation can be like and warns Opheila that “if he says he loves you, / It fits your wisdom so far to believe it” (1.3.23-4) and to “Fear it, Ophelia, fear it, my dear sister, / And keep you in the rear of your affection, / Out of the shot and danger of desire” (1.3.32-4).
In Twelfth Night, the clown sings and compares the feeling of love like the feeling of death:
Come away, come away, death,
And in sad cypress let me be laid.
Fly away, fly away, breath;
I am slain by a fair cruel maid.
My shroud of white, stuck all with yew,
O, prepare it.
My part of death, no one so true
Did share it.
(2.4.51-8)
The song describes the man dying because he’s been killed by a “fair cruel maid” (2.4.54). It ties with the terms of a “stolen heart”, the feeling of being so in love with someone, being smitten, that they have taken their heart. The feeling of being so love-struck by someone can leave you in a state of not wanting to live anymore. When you feel like the love of your life, the person who has stolen your heart, all of sudden runs away with it, the feeling of dying plays upon a person. We read about this example in Hamlet when Ophelia literally goes insane. Her father has just been murdered, and by the person she thought she loved. In her insanity, she sings to herself, “how should I your truelove know / From another one?” (4.5.23-4). She asks herself how she can tell the difference between the person she loves and some other person who just killed her father; someone she thought she once knew turned out to be a murderer. Ophelia is driven to madness as her love and hate for Hamlet clashes together, putting her in a very obscure state. She continues to sing to herself, as if trying to tell her story,
Tomorrow is Saint Valentine’s day.
All in the morning betime,
And I a maid at your window,
To be your Valentine.
Then up he rose and donned his clo’es
And dupped the chamber door,
Let in the maid, that out a maid
Never departed more.
By Gis and by Saint Charity,
Alack, and fie for shame!
Young men will do’t if they come to’t.
By Cock, they are to blame.
Quoth she, “Before you tumbled me,
You promised me to wed.”
(4.5.48-55, 58-63)
Ophelia’s mad behaviour is the result of the traumatizing fact that her lover has killed her father. She sings this narrative song to decipher the fact that she feels used by Hamlet and that he might in fact never really loved her. Within the inner conflict of feelings of a person, going from loving someone to hating them because they killed your father, creates a catastrophic storm with the emotions of Ophelia, therefore driving her to complete insanity. Can you imagine how much that would hurt? To find the one you loved might not have loved you at all. The feeling of death or being “killed” by the one who stole your heart as described in the clown’s song takes effect here as Ophelia mentality tarts to fail. As Ophelia exits the scene, Claudius orders to “follow her close. Give her good watch” (4.5.74) because her behaviour triggers suspicions in her audience. Horatio jumps to the conclusion and implies that her “dangerous conjectures in [her] ill-breeding mind[]” (4.5.15) can lead to something tragic. And he was right. Ophelia’s insanity was much too great for her to handle and she literally ended up being “slain” by her love. The loss of both loves, her father and Hamlet, drove Ophelia do the depths of her death. Queen Gertrude describes Ophelia’s state before she drowned:
There, on the pendant boughs her coronet weeds
Clambering to hang, an envious sliver broke,
When down her weedy trophies and herself
Fell in the weeping brook. Her clothes spread wide,
And mermaid-like a while they bore her up,
Which time she chanted snatches of old lauds
As one incapable of her own distress,
Or like a creature native and indued
Unto that element. But long it could not be
Till that her garments, heavy with their drink,
Pulled the poor wretch from her melodious lay
To muddy death
(4.7.170-181)
Queen Gertrude says that Ophelia’s state was as if she didn’t know what kind of danger she was in or she acted like she put herself in that kind of danger all the time. Ophelia’s madness drove her to a state of unconsciousness. Although she was awake, she wasn’t mentally in the same place as she was physically. Her feelings of love turned on her to a state of madness and insanity and then lead to her death.
Madness is not only caused by the love-sick acts of individuals, but can also be caused when one has strong feelings of affection towards another, like the relationship between family and friends (“Oxford Dictionaries”). In Twelfth Night, Olivia refuses to love anybody because of the sorrow she has due to her brother’s death. Orsino describes this:
O, she that hath a heart of that fine frame
To pay this debt of love but to a brother,
How will she love when the rich golden shaft
Hath killed the flock of all affections else
That lives in her
(1.1.34-8)
Madness can be characterized by sorrowful behaviour because of a loved one’s death. Orsino says that all Olivia’s affection has been taken and used up due to the loss of her brother and she refuses to share her love with anyone else. Above it is discussed in Hamlet that Ophelia’s madness was partly due to the fact that the person she loved had killed her father. The other part of her madness came to the fact that the person killed was someone she truly loved as well. A messenger describes Ophelia’s behaviour “indeed distract” (4.5.2) due to her father’s death:
She speaks much of her father, says she hears
There’s tricks i’ th’ world, and hems, and beats her heart,
Spurns enviously at straws, speaks things in doubt
That carry but half sense. Her speech is nothing,
Yet the unshaped use of it doth move
The hearers to collection; they aim at it,
And botch the words up fit to their own thoughts,
Which, as her winks and nods and gestures yield them,
Indeed would make one think there might be thought,
Thought nothing sure, yet much unhappily.
(4.5.4-13)
Ophelia’s behaviour is considered mad because she isn’t acting like herself. She is acting abnormal because of her depression towards her father’s death. It’s as if she can’t believe that her father has really gone. She sings of her traumatized feelings:
He is dead and gone, lady,
He is dead and gone;
At his head a grass-green turf,
At his heels a stone.
O, ho!
(4.5.29-33)
At the beginning of the verse, it seems as if she has accepted to the terms that her father has passed away. But once she starts describing to herself where her father’s body is it’s as if it slowly strucks her for the first time that her father is actually dead. She then cries with grief “O, ho!” (4.5.33). Claudius pities Ophelia and says:
O, this is the poison of deep grief; it springs
All from her father’s death and now behold,
O Gertrude, Gertrude,
When sorrows come, they come not single spies,
But in battalions
…
Poor Ophelia
Divided from herself and her fair judgement,
Without the which we are pictures or mere beats;
(4.5.75-9; 84-6)
Claudius’ explanation of Ophelia’s behaviour is exact in its description as to what the madness from losing a loved one is like. When he says “they come not single spies, / But in battalions” he was referring to the other unfortunate things that were all happening at that time too. But in context to madness, the sorrow of her father’s death can seem like just one miniature thing, one that can be compared to “single spies”, with the aftermath of “battalion”-like results. As mentioned above, Ophelia’s madness and insanity due to the grief of her father’s death ended with her own death.
Hamlet himself eventually became mad because of the promise he had made for his father to seek revenge for him. He started off with the madness of grief bore upon him with the death of his father and the remarriage of his mother all at once, bringing him into a whirlpool of despair which he describes as “self-slaughter” (1.2.132). When his father’s ghost appears to him, the ghost tells Hamlet to “revenge his foul and most unnatural murder” (1.5.25). Hamlet promises: “as meditation or the thoughts of love, / May sweep to my revenge” (1.5.30-1). He uses the love for his father as a means to seek revenge for him, to bring an honour back to his name and take back what once was his. Hamlet has his mind set as he vows,
Remember thee?
Yea, from the table of my memory
I’ll wipe away all trivial fond records,
All saws of books, all forms, all pressures past
That youth and observation copied there,
And thy commandment all alone shall live
Within the book and volume of my brain
(1.5.97-104)
Hamlet loves his father and his grief was great. When he is given an opportunity to act for his father, he takes that chance willingly. He offers to remove all distractions from his mind so he can fulfill his father’s command. Because of his love, he knows he has a duty to fulfill. Hamlet even warns Horatio of his plans as he prepares them that he will be acting “mad”:
But come:
Here as before, never, so help you mercy,
How strange or odd some’er I bear myself
(As I perchance hereafter shall think meet
To put an antic disposition on
(2.1.171-5)
Hamlet’s plan to seek his revenge was to act mad in front of those he tried to seek revenge against. In doing so throughout the play, we see a shift in Hamlet’s behaviour, as he starts pretending to be mad, and then somehow turns into a mad man. It has been a common argument for readers to question as to whether he has been merely acting as or has officially become mad, and if he has, where does he make the shift between pretending and becoming.
Whether madness was created due to acting foolishly because of an infatuated feeling or acting with intense emotion because of someone you really care about, all these situations were thus because of love. In the words of Friedrich Nietzsche, “there is always some madness in love. But there is also always some reason in madness” (“Love My Dear Valentine”). Shakespeare’s characters: Olivia, Orsino, Malvolio, Hamlet, and Ophelia, all had a cause for their madness, and it was because of their love for somebody else.